ANALYTICAL AND HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Apakah kalian pernah merasa kesulitan membedakan jenis text Exposition? Menurut kalian apa sih perbedaan antara Analytical Exposition dan Hortatory Exposition itu dan apa yang membedakan mereka? Kalau begitu, mari kita coba telaah apa saja perbedaan-perbedaan atau bahkan persamaan-persamaan dari jenis-jenis text diatas.

Kita mulai dari pengertian Exposition, what exactly Exposition is?

Exposition adalah text yang bersifat factual yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pendapat yang bersifat pro atau kontra, dimana text tersebut memberikan argument-argument yang kuat yang bertujuan untuk mempengaruhi pembacanya.

Hal ini tercermin pada Social Function dari text Exposition itu sendiri, yaitu:

To persuade the reader or listener.

As we know, seperti yang kita ketahui, bahwa arti kata persuade itu sendiri adalah mengajak. So, ketika kita akan mengajak seseorang untuk mengikuti pendapat kita, we need the strong argument, don’t we?

Sementara itu apa sih yang dimaksud pro atau kontra itu? Apa pro dan kontra itu ada pada satu text?

Of course not, tentu saja tidak, dalam satu badan atau isi text Exposition hanya terdapat satu pendapat yang pro saja beserta alasan apa yang membuat penulis pro dengan pendapat tersebut, atau dalam satu text berisi tentang kontra, dan alasan kenapa penulis kontra dengan issue tersebut.

And then, apa perbedaan dan persamaan dari Analytical dan Hortatory Exposition itu? Check this out!

Analytical Exposition

Pengertian atau definisi analytical exposition text sebenarnya sangat mudah dipahami. Secara bahasa, “Analytical” bermakna, “examining or liking to examine things very carefully” (Cambridge). Artinya, (suka memeriksa / menguji sesuatu secara hati-hati.

Dengan demikian, pengertian Analytical Exposition bisa dipahami sebagai text yang mencoba memberikan penjelasan secara komprehensif tentang suatu masalah dengan menampilkan pendapat-pendapat pendukung secara hati-hati.

Sedangkan tujuan utama analytical exposition text ini adalah, “ to attempt to persuade the reader to believe something by presenting one side of the argument.” Artinya mencoba meyakinkan pembaca agar mempercayai sesuatu dengan memberikan satu sisi pendapat saja.”

Mengacu pada tujuan analytical exposition ini, hal ini tidak bermakna bahwa dalam analytical exposition berisi satu argumen saja, akan tetapi berisi berbagai argumen yang memiliki tujuan sama.

 Generic Structure:

1.      Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writer’s position.)

·         THESIS, yaitu pendapat kalian tentang suatu masalah. Biasanya di awali dengan kalimat I personally think, In my opinion, I believe, etc. Setelah kalian menuliskan thesis atau pendapat,

2.      Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence).

·         kalian harus menuliskan ARGUMENTS, yaitu argumen-argumen atau alasan-alasan yang disertai dengan fakta dan bukti-bukti yang relevan sehingga pendengar atau pembaca terpengaruh dengan argumen yang kalian kemukakan. Biasanya dimulai dengan Firstly, Nest, Third, The last, etc.

3.      Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented).

·         Untuk mengakhiri teks, kalian harus menuliskan REITERATION, Reiteration sendiri berarti kesimpulan dari thesis dan argument yang sudah disajikan diatas. Jadi kata-kata yang bisa kita gunakan untuk mengawali Reiteration part pada text tersebut can be:

·         From the argument above we can conclude that….. ; atau

·         Based on the argument above…..;  atau

·         The conclusion of the argument above is……

·         Etc.

 Language features:

 Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.

            Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably

            Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.

            Usually present tense, Compound and complex sentences

Contoh 1:

I personally think learning English through music and songs can be very enjoyable. You can mix pleasure with learning when you listen to a song and exploit the song as a means to your English progress. Some underlying reason can be drawn to support the idea why we use songs in language learning.

Firstly, “the song stuck in my head” Phenomenon (the echoing in our minds of the last song we heard after leaving a restaurant, shopping malls, etc) can be both enjoyable and sometimes unnerving. This phenomenon also seems to reinforce the idea that songs work on our short-and-long term memory.

Secondly, songs in general also use simple conversational language, with a lot of repetition, which is just what many learners look for sample text. The fact that they are effective makes them many times more motivating than other text. Although usually simple, some songs can be quite complex syntactically, lexically and poetically, and can be analyzed in the same way as any other literary sample.

Furthermore, song can be appropriated by listener for their own purpose. Most pop songs and probably many other types don’t have precise people, place or time reference.

In addition, songs are relaxing. They provide variety and fun, and encourage harmony within oneself and within one group. Little wonder they are important tools in sustaining culture, religion, patriotism and yeas, even revolution.

Last but not least, there are many learning activities we can do with songs such as studying grammar, practicing selective listening comprehension, translating songs, learning vocabulary, spelling and culture.

 From the elaboration above, it can be concluded that learning through music and songs, learning English can be enjoyable and fun.

Coba perhatikan teks di atas thesis, argument dan reiteration.

I personally think.... (thesis)

Firstly, Secondly, Furthermore, In addition, Last but not least (arguments)

From the elaboration above (reiteration)

Contoh 2 :

            Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50 thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.

            Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non smokers.

            Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes.

            Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else.

Thesis: This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s point of view about the topic discussed. Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic. Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this analytical exposition text. It states the fact of the very fatal impact of the smoking habit. Clearly the writer wants to say that smoking is not a good habit.

Arguments: Presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as giving conflict plot in narrative text. The series of argument will strengthen the thesis stated before. In this example of analytical exposition text, paragraph 2 and 3 are the detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is not good even for smokers themselves. Furthermore, people who do not smoke but they are in smoky area have the bad effect too from the smoking habit.

Reiteration: This end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It is something like conclusive paragraph from the previous arguments. The last paragraph of this example of analytical exposition points again that smoking is not good for smokers and people around smokers. However smoking is very good for Cigarette Companies

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

I. Teks ini hampir sama dengan Analytical Exposition, dapat ditemukan pada berbagai macam surat maupun artikel yang bersifat membujuk, mempengaruhi misalnya surat pembaca, promosi, surat terbuka dan lain-lain.

The generic structure is as follow:

1.      Thesis; thesis is similar to tentative conclusion which needs to be proven by certain fact and argument. In the end, it can be true or false

·    Berisi issue atau topic permasalahan yang diangkat sebagai pokok persoalan, serta posisi penulis terhadap persoalan tersebut.

2.      Arguments; this is the phase which try to examine and support that the thesis stated above is true.

·         Serangkaian alasan yang mendukung ide penulis.

3.      Recommendation; this is what should or should not be done in the hortatory text. This recommendation is differentiating from analytical exposition.

·         Recommendation lebih mengacu pada saran yang direkomendasikan dari si penulis Exposition tersebut. And then, how you usually recommend something to others? Biasanya kita akan menggunakan kata-kata di bawah ini untuk memberikan saran ke orang lain, they can be:

·         You should…., we must……, you should be….., and etc. apabila kita merekomendasikan sesuatu yang diperbolehkan; dan

·         You shouldn’t……, you mustn’t……, we ought not to…., etc. apabila kita merekomendasikan yang tidak diperbolehkan atau tidak disarankan.

. Language features / ciri-ciri kebahasaan
* Generic participant. Obyek, pokok persoalan bersifat umum.
* Terdapat action verb, kata kerja tindakan
* Menggunakan mental process, missal : think, feel, understand dsb.
* Simple present tense

Tujuan Komunikatif
Membujuk, mempengaruhi dan menganjurkan kepada pembaca, pendengar bahwa sesuatu seharusnya atau tidak seharusnya menjadi permasalahan.

 CONTOH 1 :

Higher Education for Woman

In this modern era, there are still some parents who are reluctant about sending their daughter to college. Such narrow attitude shown to woman higher education is largely due to the traditional role of woman in society. A woman is expected just to be a wife and a mother most parents believe that if their daughter gets married and chooses to be a housewife, then the higher education will be a waste. However an educated woman does not only make a better wife abut also contributer better thing to the large society.

Nowadays more women are successfully combining their career and marriage. Educated women are richer both emotionally and financially. They are able to find an outlet for monotonous drudgery of their housekeeping. They bring more satisfaction and contentment to their lives.

Depriving girl of higher education is crash discrimination. Time has changed. Modern society need the talents of its people regardless of gender. Today women work alongside men. In fact, in the last few decades women have made outstanding contributions to society.

            Woman should be given the freedom to be educated whether they get married or go to work after finishing their education because it is only through education that a woman will find herself useful and discover what she wants in life. A woman who work is not an insult to her husband. Conversely, her husband should feel proud of her achievement since marriage is actually an equal partnership. Therefore, parents should not think that girls should receive less education just because they will get marriage one day.

How can we see the generic structure of the hortatory example above?

Thesis: the importance of Education for Woman which is stated in the first paragraph

Argumentative: Higher Education for Woman successfully combining their career in the second and third paragraph.

Recommendation: Woman should be given the freedom  in the last paragraph

Contoh 2 Teks hortatory dalam bentuk surat:

Dear Editor,

          We are writing to complain about ads on TV. There are so many ads, especially during our favourite programmes. We think they should be stopped for a number of reasons.
          First, ads are nuisance. They go on for a long time and there are so many. Sometimes there seems to be more ads than programmes.
Second, ads are bad influence on people. They try to encourage people to buy unhealthy food like beer, soft drink, candy and chips. And they make people want things they do not really need and can not.
          Finally, the people who make ads have too much say in what programmes people watch. That is because they want to put all their ads on popular programs that a lot of people watch. Some programmes which are not so popular get stopped because they do not attract enough ads, even though those programmes may be someone’s favourite.
          For those reasons, we think TV station should stop showing ads. They interrupt programmes. They are bad influences on people, and they are sometimes put a stop to people’s favourite shows. We are sick of ads, and now we mostly watch other channels.

David

Coba perhatikan teks di atas.

Thesis                                      : Paragraf pertama

arguments (alasan)                   : di paragraf 2, 3, dan 4.

recommendation (saran)          : Paragraf ke 5.